What do we call the conflicts that can be physical, moral, or emotional challenges faced by the protagonist?

The term that encompasses physical, moral, or emotional challenges faced by the protagonist is indeed conflict. In literature, conflict is a fundamental element of storytelling. It serves as the driving force of a narrative, creating tension and propelling the plot forward. Conflicts can arise in various forms, such as external conflicts involving other characters or forces, and internal conflicts that manifest as struggles within the protagonist's mind or emotions.

By identifying the challenges that a protagonist faces—whether they are battling against societal norms, their own conscience, or tangible obstacles—readers can understand the depth of the character's journey and the themes being explored in the story. Recognizing the nature of these conflicts also enhances the reader's engagement with the narrative, as they become invested in how these challenges will be resolved or overcome.